Amanqaku aliThoba aPhambili kuYilo kunye noLwakhiwo lweZakhiwo zeFactory yeSteel

Ulwakhiwo lwesinyithi izakhiwo zefektriziye zamkelwa ngokubanzi kubunjineli bokwakha ngenxa yokuba ziyakhawuleza ukwakha, zikhaphukhaphu kubunzima bazo, zinokusebenza kakuhle kwenyikima, kwaye zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Kuyilo lwezakhiwo zoshishino, ziye zatshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe isakhiwo sekhonkrithi esiqinisiweyo esinzima.

Izakhiwo zentsimbi azizange zisetyenziswe e-China ixesha elide, kwaye i-design yabo eneenkcukacha kunye nobuchule bokwakha zisaphuhliswa. Nangona isakhiwo sensimbi izakhiwo zemizi-mveliso zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi, intsimbi njengesixhobo nayo inemiqobo-umzekelo, ukunganyangeki komlilo kunye nokuthambekela kokubola. Le miba kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngexesha loyilo kunye nenqanaba lokwakha.

I. Ezona zinto ziluncedo kwiZakhiwo zeFactory yeSteel Structure

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe kwisishwankathelo, iingenelo eziphambili zeisakhiwo sentsimbi izakhiwo zoshishinozezi zilandelayo. Okokuqala, ngokubhekiselele kwisantya sokwakha: amacandelo ensimbi anokuveliswa ngobuninzi kwifektri; ukwakhiwa kulula kwaye ukwakhiwa kuyakhawuleza, nto leyo inciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokwakha. Okwesibini, ngokubhekiselele kubunzima bokuzimela: ubunzima besakhiwo bungancitshiswa malunga ne-30%; oku konga ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinesiseko esisezantsi somthamo okanye ukuqina okuphezulu kwenyikima, apho uqoqosho lulonke lungcono kunolo lweenkqubo eziqinisiweyo zesakhiwo sekhonkrithi. Ekugqibeleni, ngokubhekiselele ekukhuselweni kwendalo: izakhiwo zetsimbi zivela kwintsapho ye-eco-friendly systems yokwakha eluhlaza; intsimbi ngokwayo inamandla amakhulu, i-high-efficiency material enexabiso eliphezulu lokuphinda isetyenziswe, kwaye ayifuni ifom yefom ngexesha lokwakha.

II. Ukubaluleka koYilo loMzobo

Imizobo isisiseko sokwakhiwa kuyo nayiphi na iprojekthi. Ngexesha loyilo lwesakhiwo sensimbi yesakhiwo soshishino, iingcali zeengcali zeyunithi yokwakha kufuneka ziququzelelwe ukwenza uphononongo oludibeneyo lomzobo, ukujonga imidwebo "yeempazamo, ukushiyeka, ukungqubana, kunye nokusilela" ukwenzela ukuba iingxaki zisonjululwe ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukwakhiwa kunye nefuthe lemiba yokudweba kumgangatho kunye neshedyuli igcinwe ubuncinane. Kwiprojekthi yesakhiwo setsimbi, idizayini yentlangano yokwakha eyahlukileyo kufuneka ilungiselelwe inqanaba lokwenziwa kunye nenqanaba lokumisa; uxwebhu lwenkqubo yokwenza izinto kufuneka lufake imigangatho yomgangatho kunye neemfuno zobugcisa benkqubo nganye kunye ne-sub-item kwisigaba sokwenziwa, kunye nemilinganiselo ethile ekhethiweyo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso.

III. ImiGaqo yoYilo yeNkqubo yokuQinisekisa

Ukuqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwendawo yesakhiwo, ukuphucula ukuqina kwayo yonke into, ukuxhathisa kunye nokuhambisa amandla obude obude, ukuthintela ukuguqulwa kwamalungu ngokugqithiseleyo, ukuphepha ukuxhamla kwamalungu oxinzelelo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza ngokubanzi kwesakhiwo, inkqubo yokubambelela ethembekileyo kufuneka ilungiswe ngokobume besakhiwo, i-crane layout, izixhobo ezingcangcazelayo, indawo yokusebenza kunye nobude bendawo kunye nobude bomsebenzi. Indawo nganye yeqondo lokushisa kufuneka ibonelelwe ngenkqubo ezinzileyo ye-inter-column bracing, ehlelwe ngokuhambelana nophahla oluthe tyaba oluthe tye. Isikhundla se-bracing yekholomu esezantsi yinto ephambili emisela isalathiso se-longitudinal deformation kwaye ichaphazela ubungakanani boxinzelelo lwe-thermal; i-bracing yekholamu esezantsi kufuneka ibekwe kufutshane kangangoko kumbindi wendawo yobushushu, ukuze amalungu longitudinal ezifana imiqadi crane akwazi ukwandisa kwaye isivumelwano ngokukhululekileyo ukuya kwiziphelo zombini njengoko utshintsho lobushushu. Xa indawo yobushushu imfutshane, iseti enye yekholamu esezantsi yokuqhobosha ibekwe ngokubanzi embindini. Nangona kunjalo, xa ummandla weqondo lokushisa ungaphezu kwe-150 m, iiseti ezimbini ze-bracing ephantsi kwekholamu kufuneka zifakwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwe-longitudinal; kufuneka zibekwe phakathi kwesithathu esiphakathi sommandla weqondo lokushisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye umgama ophakathi ukuya kwiziko phakathi kweesethi ezimbini akufanele udlule i-72 m, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwe-thermal.

IV. Amanqaku aphambili oYilo lweSeismic

Xa uqhuba uyilo lwe-seismic lwesakhiwo sensimbi yesakhiwo semizi-mveliso, kufuneka kuqatshelwe la manqaku alandelayo. Okokuqala, ngokubhekiselele kwisakhiwo esiqhelekileyo, ubunzima kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo kufuneka kuhanjiswe ngokulinganayo ukwenzela ukuba isakhiwo silayishwe ngokufanayo kwaye siphazamise ngendlela edibeneyo; ukuqina kokungalingani kufuneka kuphetshwe, njengoko kunempembelelo engathandekiyo ekusebenzeni kwenyikima. Kwisakhiwo esinqamlezileyo, isakhelo esiqinileyo, okanye isakhelo apho i-truss yephahla idibaniswe ngokungqongqo kwiikholomu, kufuneka yamkelwe, ukwenzela ukuba kusetyenziswe ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza komthwalo wensimbi kunye nokunciphisa i-deformation transverse. Okwesibini, izakhiwo zentsimbi zihlala zisilela kungekhona ngenxa yokuba amandla amalungu angonelanga, kodwa ngenxa yokuba amalungu abopha; ngoko ke, inkqubo yokuqinisa elungiselelwe kakuhle eqinisekisa ukuzinza ngokubanzi kwesakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu. Ekugqibeleni, phantsi kwentshukumo yenyikima, ukudinwa komjikelo ophantsi kwenzeka, kwaye umphumo wawo kwisakhiwo kufuneka uqwalaselwe kuyilo. Uyilo loqhagamshelo lwesakhiwo kufuneka luqinisekise ukuba ukungaphumeleli ngokudibeneyo akwenzeki ngaphambi kokuba kunikezelwe ngokupheleleyo kwamalungu olwakhiwo; amalungu kufuneka avunyelwe ukuba angene kwinqanaba leplastiki ukuze akwazi ukufunxa ngokupheleleyo amandla enyikima kwaye aphuhlise isakhono sawo senyikima.

V. Ukubaluleka koYilo lokuNxhathisa ubushushu kunye noMlilo

Isakhiwo sentsimbi izakhiwo zoshishinoukuxhathisa umlilo okulambathayo. Xa intsimbi ifudunyezwa ngaphezu kwe-100 °C, amandla ayo okuqina ayehla kwaye iplastiki yayo iyanda njengoko ubushushu bunyuka. Malunga ne-250 °C, ukomelela kwentsimbi konyuka kancinane ngelixa iplastikhi yayo iyancipha-into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-blue brittleness. Ngaphezu kwama-250 °C, intsimbi iqalisa ukurhubuluza. Malunga ne-500 °C, amandla entsimbi ehla kakhulu kangangokuba isakhiwo sentsimbi sinokudilika. Ngoko ke, nanini na xa ubushushu bomphezulu besakhiwo sentsimbi budlula i-150 ° C, i-thermal insulation kunye noyilo lokukhusela umlilo kufuneka lunikezelwe (ngokuqhelekileyo luphunyezwe ngokufaka ubushushu obungangeni, iingubo zokukhusela umlilo).

Kulwakhiwo lweisakhiwo sentsimbi izakhiwo zoshishino, zininzi iingxaki ezisebenzayo ezivelayo; apha sihlalutya kuphela ezona zibalaseleyo.

VI. Ukufakela iibholiti ze-Anchor Ngexesha loKwakha

Kunokuthiwa ukuba iibholiti ze-anchor zifakwe ngokuqinileyo zisisiseko sokuzinza kwesakhiwo sensimbi isakhiwo soshishino. Ukuchaneka kweebhotshi ze-anchor kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukubekwa kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Iibholiti ze-ankile kufuneka zifakwe ngokuchaneka okungqongqo: ukutenxa kwe-axis ± 2.0 mm, kunye nokuphakama ± 5.0 mm. Ngaphambi kokufaka iibholiti ze-anchor zekholomu, projekthi yonke i-axis yenethiwekhi yolawulo oluthe tye kwindawo ephezulu yesiseko sekholomu kwaye uvale i-loop, ukwenzela ukuba uqinisekise ukuchaneka kofakelo lweebholithi; wandule uphawule imiphetho yangaphandle yeentsika ngokweezembe. Emva kokuba isakhelo senkxaso (i-shoring) yeebholiti ze-anchor zekholomu zakhiwe, tshintshela ukuphakama okufunekayo kwisakhelo se-steel-tube. 

VII. Izilumkiso Ngexesha lokuHamba

Amanyathelo okhuseleko angundoqo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Okokuqala, phawula i-centrelines ye-cross kwi-plate yesiseko sonyawo lwekholomu kunye ne-centerlines ye-anchor bolts, kwaye uhlambulule imingxuma ye-shear kwisiseko sekholomu; emva kokuba ikholamu yensimbi isendaweni, lungisa ukuphakama kwayo kwaye uqinise amantongomane. Okwesibini, emva kokuba iintsika zetsimbi zifakwe kwindawo enye, faka iintambo zokubopha (amalungu adibanisayo), ukwenzela ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza okupheleleyo kweentsika kwaye kuthintele ukuba zikhubazeke xa iintsimbi zetsimbi ziphakanyiswa. Ekugqibeleni, phakamisa iintsimbi zetsimbi: qhagamshela izibini zemiqadi phakathi emoyeni kwaye wenze ukuqiniswa kokuqala kweebholiti eziphezulu; umqadi wokuqala kufuneka ukhuselwe ngeengcingo ezine zomntu ukunqanda ukuba ungatyekeli kwicala elinye.

VIII. Ubunzima ekufakeni iCrane Beam System

Ngethuba lokwakha, iiplanga ze-crane kufuneka zifakwe ngokungqongqo kwi-column-braced bay, ngokuhambelana neenkcukacha. Nje ukuba i-inter-column bracing ifakwe kwaye idibaniswe, yenza iyunithi yokuqina kwendawo ezinzileyo; ukufakela ukusuka kule bay kukhuselekile kwaye kwakhona kuqinisekisa ukuba ukumiswa kweentsimbi ze-crane akuchaphazeli ukuqina kweekholomu. Ngexesha lofakelo, iipleyiti ze-shim kufuneka zibekwe phantsi kweentsimbi ze-crane kunye nokuphambuka okukhulu kwecandelo lokugqibela; ezi shim kufuneka zidityaniswe endaweni emva kokuba inkqubo ye-crane beam ilungelelanisiwe, kwaye imiqadi kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchasene nemigca yokumisa esetwe kwangaphambili. Inkqubo ye-braking kufuneka idibaniswe ngokusemthethweni kuphela emva kokuba iiplanga ze-crane zilungiswe kwaye zilungiswe. Xa iplate ye-brake ixhunywe kwi-crane beam ngamabhontshi anamandla aphezulu kunye ne-truss encedisayo nge-welding, ulandelelwano lubaluleka: okokuqala udibanise i-brake plate kwi-bolt ye-crane kunye ne-bolts high-high-high kwaye wenze ukuqiniswa kokuqala; emva koko ulungelelanise i-truss encedisayo, i-tack-weld kwi-brake plate, kwaye wenze ukuqiniswa kokugqibela kweebhotshi eziphezulu; ekugqibeleni, weld ipleyiti brake ukuya truss encedisayo. Zombini ukuqiniswa kweebholiti eziphezulu kunye ne-welding ye-brake plate kufuneka iqhube ukusuka kumbindi weplate nganye ukuya kumaphethelo omabini, ukwenzela ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi kwi-plate.

IX. Ukupakishwa kweNsimbi zeNsimbi

Ukwenza ukwakhiwa kube lula, amacandelo entsimbi kufuneka abekwe ngendlela efanelekileyo emva kokuba efikile kwindawo. Imithetho-siseko yile: amacandelo afuneka ngokungxamisekileyo ukuze amiswe kufuneka apakishwe ngokuthe ngqo kwisiza, ngokulandela ulandelelwano lokunyuswa—ezo ziya kunyuswa kuqala ziye phezulu, zize ezo ziya kunyuswa kamva zibe ngaphantsi; izinto ezingafuneki ngokungxamisekileyo kufuneka zigcinwe okwethutyana ngaphandle kwesiza. Xa upakisha, gcina iikholamu kunye nemiqadi yahlukene, kwaye uyibeke nge-axis. Iyadi yokugcina kufuneka ilawulwe ngabasebenzi abachongiweyo; amacandelo kufuneka abalwe ngokuchasene neemfuno zobonelelo kunye noluhlu lokuhanjiswa, kwaye iirekhodi kufuneka zifakwe efayilini. Amalungu ecandelo le-H kufuneka agcinwe ngokuthe tye, angaze abe mcaba. Icandelo ngalinye malixhaswe ubuncinane ngamanqaku amabini; amanqaku enkxaso kufuneka abekwe malunga nesinye sesixhenxe sesithuba ukusuka kwiziphelo zamalungu. Xa ukupakishwa kwimigangatho, akukho ngaphezu kwemigangatho emithathu evunyelwe; iibhloko zomthi mazibekwe ngokuchanekileyo phakathi kweeleya ukuze zigcinwe zisemgangathweni, kwaye iindawo zokuxhasa kufuneka zilungelelaniswe ngokuthe nkqo.