INdibano yoLwakhiwo lweNsimbi kwiSiza + i-Integral Hoisting Construction Workflow + Iingqwalasela eziphambili

Intshayelelo:Kwiukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sentsimbi, "indibano yomhlaba + i-heavy-crane integral hoisting" (ukudibanisa isakhiwo ngokupheleleyo emhlabeni kunye nokusiphakamisa kwindawo njengeyunithi enye usebenzisa iikhreyini ezinzima) yenye yeendlela zokwakha ezingabizi kakhulu, ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nokulawulwa komgangatho ezikhoyo namhlanje.

Xa kuthelekiswa ne "high-altitude loose assembly" (ukudibanisa amacandelo isiqwenga ngeqhekeza phezulu emoyeni), le ndlela iwunciphisa kakhulu umsebenzi onobungozi ekuphakameni, ithoba izinga le-welding defect, kwaye ilawule ngokufanelekileyo ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna ukulungiswa kwesiza esingqongqo, ukuseta i-jig yendibano echanekileyo, ukuphakamisa ngokungqongqo izibalo zobunjineli, kunye nomqondiso ongenasiphako kwisiza kunye nomyalelo.

Apha ngezantsi kukho isikhokelo sobugcisa esibanzi nesisemgangathweni sekwisiza isakhiwo sentsimbiindibano kunye ne-hoisting edibeneyo-eyakhiwe ngokuhamba komsebenzi okucacileyo kunye neemfuno ezisebenzayo, ezithe ngqo zobugcisa ukuze kube lula ukubhekisela.

I. Isishwankathelo esingundoqo seNdlela yoKwakha

Ingqiqo yokuHamba koMsebenzi woKwakha: Ukwenziwa komzi-mveliso wangaphambili wamalungu entsimbi kumacandelo → Udibaniso olukwisiza esisemhlabeni kwiijigi → Ulungiso lwewelding, uhlolo lweweld (NDT) & nepeyinti ukubamba phezulu → Isiqwenga esinye sokunyuswa kwindawo → Ukulungisa kunye nolungelelwaniso lwesakhiwo.

Izinto Eziluncedo Ezingundoqo

•  Umsebenzi oSekwe phantsi kulo lonke: Imisebenzi yokuqala yenziwa phantsi, inciphisa kakhulu imingcipheko yokuwa kunye neengozi zokuphakama okuphezulu.

•  Umgangatho oLawulwayo: INdibano, ukuwelda, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwenzeka kwindawo ezinzileyo, efikelelekayo emhlabeni, iqinisekisa ukuchaneka okugqwesileyo kunye nomgangatho wokwakha.

•  Ubuchule boKwakha obuPhezulu: Ukuwelda kunye nokufaka iibholiti kuncitshisiwe, okukhawulezisa inkqubela phambili yolwakhiwo.

Ukulinganiselwa

•  INdawo yeNdibano Enkulu iyafuneka: Ifuna indawo ephangaleleyo, esemgangathweni, kunye negayiweyo kakuhle ukulungiselela ukudityaniswa kwesiza.

•  Isixhobo esinzima kunye neetshekhi ezingqongqo: Ifuna iikhreyini zokunyusa iitoni eziphezulu kunye nokubalwa kobunjineli obungqongqo kwiimeko zokunyusa kunye nomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo womhlaba.

Iimeko eziSebenzayo

Ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sentsimbi evulekileyo, njengeentsimbi ezinkulu zentsimbi, iimodyuli zetsimbi eziphahleni, iifreyimu zentsimbi ezininzi, kunye neendibano ezinzima ze-crane girder.

II. Gqibezela ukuhamba komsebenzi woKwakha okuMgangatho

Ukuhamba kweNkqubo eMigangatho: ULungiselelo loKwakha → Umgangatho weNdawo kunye nokuNxibelelana → Ukuseta iJig yeNdibano kunye noKwamkeleka → Ukufumana icandelo kunye nokuhlolwa kwakhona → iNdibano yoMgangatho → iWelding Works → Uvavanyo lweWeld (NDT) kunye ne-Anti-Corrosion Paint Touch-up → Ukuphakamisa iLug kunye nokuSeta iRigging → uVavanyo lokuPhakanyiswa kwePostgra Uhlengahlengiso oluLungileyo kunye noLungiso lweThutyana → Ukujonga kwakhona ii-Axes zeGrid kunye noKuphakama → uQhagamshelwano olusiGxina kunye nokuFaniswa → Ukususwa kokuRhwatyiswa → Ukwamkelwa kweProjekthi → Ukudilizwa kweJig yeNdibano

1. ULungiselelo loKwakha lweNqanaba lokuqala (Elona nyathelo libalulekileyo)

Ukuba ukulungiselela kwangaphambili akwanelanga, imiba enjengokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, ukubhukuqa, okanye iimpazamo ezinobungakanani zinokwenzeka ngokulula ngexesha lokudibanisa kunye nokuphakanyiswa. Gxininisa ngokungqongqo kule misebenzi mi-4 ingundoqo:

•  Cwangcisa kuQala: Lungiselela iskimu esizinikeleyo sokunyusa. Ngomngcipheko ophezulu, imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu, ukuphononongwa kwengcali kunye nokuvunywa okusemthethweni kunyanzelekile. Gcwalisa izibalo zobunjineli ezineenkcukacha zeemeko zokusebenza kwe-crane, uxinzelelo lwamalungu, umthamo wokuthwala umhlaba, kunye nokuphakamisa imithwalo yamanqaku.

•  IMaterial & Document Verification: Hlola izatifikethi zasefektri zokuthobela, iingxelo zovavanyo lokusila (MTR), iirekhodi zovavanyo lwefektri non-destructive (NDT), kunye namaphepha ongqinisiso. Nqanda ngokungqongqo nawaphi na amalungu angahambelaniyo ekungeneni kwindawo yomsebenzi.

•  UYilo loYilo lweSiza: Misa ngokucacileyo iindawo ezihlukeneyo zogcino lwamacandelo, umsebenzi wokudityaniswa komhlaba, kunye ne-crane travel/outrigger positioning. Ukwenzela iziseko zomhlaba othambileyo, gmba uze ufake endaweni yokugalela okuqinileyo, ukugabadela, kunye nokugalela/uqinise umhlaba kwangaphambili.

•  ULwazi ngoKhuseleko lwaBasebenzi: Iiwelder, ii-crane operators, iisignali, kunye nezirhiga kufuneka zibe nezatifikethi zesiqinisekiso esisebenzayo. Ukuqhuba ngokucokisekileyo ukhuseleko kunye neengcaciso zobugcisa kubo bonke abasebenzi, ukucacisa uxanduva lomntu ngamnye kunye nezithintelo zokhuseleko.

2. Ukusekwa kweJig yeNdibano kunye noKwamkeleka

I-jig yendibano (isakhelo sokuxhasa umhlaba) siyimfuneko ekuchanekeni kwendibano. Ukudityaniswa okungaqhelekanga okanye okukumgangatho ophantsi, izikhokelo zethutyana azivumelekanga ngokungqongqo!

•  Sebenzisa iSimbi soLwakhiwo oluMgangatho: Yenza iijigi usebenzisa amacandelo entsimbi akumgangatho wesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqina okwaneleyo kunye nokuzinza, ukuthintela ukuhlaliswa komhlaba, ukuphambuka kwesakhiwo, okanye ukushukuma emva kokulayisha.

•  ULungiso oluchanekileyo kunye neNdawo: NONE lawula ngokungqongqo amazembe egridi, ukuphakama, kunye nomgangatho. Kumacandelo amakhulu, yakha kwi-pre-camber (igophe eliphezulu elinenjongo) ngokwemigaqo yoyilo ukuchasana nokuncipha kwexesha elizayo phantsi kwemithwalo yenkonzo.

•  UHlolo oluMiselweyo kunye nokuPhuma: Uhlolo olulodwa kufuneka lwenziwe xa kugqitywe ukusetwa kwejig. Rekhoda kwaye ugcine yonke imilinganiselo, umphakamo, kunye nomgangatho womcaba. Ijig ingasetyenziswa kuphela emva kokuphuma ngokusesikweni

3. Ukuhanjiswa kweCandelo kunye neNdibano yaseMgangathweni

Ukudityaniswa komhlaba yinkqubo ephambili yokulawula umgangatho wesakhiwo ngokubanzi. Ulawulo oluchanekileyo lubalulekile:

•  Uhlolo lwecandelo elingaphakathi: Hlola icandelo ngalinye ekufikeni kwenkangeleko, ukuguqulwa kwenqanawa, iingubo ezikhuselayo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwebholithi. Qinisa kwaye ulungise nakuphi na ukuphambuka okuncinci phambi kokuhlanganisa.

•  Ukuma kweJig kunye noLungiso: Emva kwezixhobo zokuhlala kwijig, sebenzisa iijekhi zehydraulic kunye neentambo zabafana ukulungisa kakuhle kwaye ulawule ngokungqongqo ubude bexesha, imigca ehambelanayo, ukuphakama, igap yeengcambu (i-joint fit-up gap), kunye nokulungelelaniswa ngokuthe nkqo.

•  I-Tack Welding by Certified weldings: Abashiseli abaqinisekisiweyo kufuneka benze i-tack welding (i-welds zethutyana zokubamba). Ubude be-tack weld kunye nobukhulu bomlenze we-fillet kufuneka buhlangabezane nemigangatho yobugcisa, ukukhusela i-porosity, iintanda, kunye nezinye iimpazamo ze-welding.

•  I-Symmetrical Welding & Stress Relief: Ukuwelda okusesikweni kufuneka kulandele ngokuthe ngqo imigaqo ye-"symmetrical welding" kunye "ne-back-step welding" (welding in short alternating segments) ukukhulula ngokulungeleleneyo uxinzelelo lwe-thermal kunye nokunciphisa ukulwa. Kwiipleyiti zentsimbi ezishinyeneyo, sebenzisa ngokungqongqo ukufudumala kwangaphambili kunye nokulawula ubushushu obuphakathi.

•  Uqinisekiso lwasemva kweNdibano: Emva kokuba indibano igqityiwe, phinda ulinganise imilinganiselo iyonke, amaxabiso e-camber, kunye nokuthe tye kwecala ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa ngokupheleleyo kweekhowudi zobunjineli kunye nemizobo yoyilo.

4. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Weld kunye ne-Anti-Corrosion Paint Touch-up

•  Uvavanyo olungonakalisi (NDT): Yenza uvavanyo lweUltrasonic (UT) okanye uvavanyo lweRadiographic (RT) ngokwemigaqo yoyilo. Nayiphi na i-weld engahambelaniyo kufuneka ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo, ifakwe kwakhona, kwaye iphinde ivavanywe de ibe yi-100% efanelekileyo.

•  Ukucoca iWeld & Repainting: Sila amalungu adityanisiweyo agudileyo, susa umhlwa, islag, kunye ne-spatter, kwaye ngokukhawuleza ufake i-anti-corrosion primer kunye ne-topcoat ukuqinisekisa okuqhubekayo kunye nenkqubo yokukhusela yokukhusela.

•  UKhuseleko loMphezulu: Khusela iindawo ezidityaniswa nebholithi eziqinileyo eziphezulu, imingxunya yebholiti, kunye neeleyiti zepeyinti ezigqityiweyo ukusuka kwi-weld spatter, ukungcoliseka kwegrisi/i-oyile, kunye nemikrwelo yoomatshini.

5. Amanqaku okuPhakamisa kunye nokuKhethwa kweRigging

Umgaqo woKhuseleko oPhakamisayo onguNdoqo: Ungaze utshintshe iindawo zokunyusela ngaphandle kogunyaziso, ungaze udibanise ukuriga ngendlela engafanelekanga, kwaye ungaze ubeke izinto kwizinto ezingafanelekanga.

•  Sebenzisa imivalo yokuphakamisa eyiliweyo: Soloko usebenzisa izigubhu zokuphakamisa eziyilwe kwangaphambili, ezenziwe ngumzi-mveliso (amehlo ephedi). Ukuwelda okungavunywanga kwisiza okanye ukugrumba umngxuma kwindawo zokuphakamisa okwethutyana akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Zonke iilug welds zokuphakamisa kufuneka zihlolwe i-100% ye-NDT.

•  Ukubalwa koMmandla: Khetha iintambo zentsimbi, amakhamandela, kunye nokuphakamisa izilingi ngokungqongqo ngokusekelwe kwimithwalo ebaliwe, kuquka imiba eguqukayo yokhuseleko lomthwalo. Ukulayisha ngaphezulu kuthintelwe ngokungqongqo.

•  IziKhuseli zeKona: Fakela izikhuseli zekona (izithambiso/izikhuseli zomphetho) kuzo zonke iikona ezibukhali nakwimiphetho yamalungu entsimbi ukunqanda ukuba iintambo zocingo zingasikeki okanye zonakaliswe.

• Ukomelezwa okwethutyana: Yongeza i-bracing struts/amalungu kulwakhiwo olubhityileyo okanye olucekethekileyo lwamacandelo (afana ne-trusses emide) ukunqanda ukujijeka, ukugoba, okanye ukuguqulwa kwendawo ngexesha lokuphakanyiswa.

6. UVavanyo lokuPhakanyiswa kweTyala (Makungaze lutsibe)

Ukuphakanyiswa kwetyala ngumqobo wokugqibela okhuselayo ngokuchasene neengozi zokuphakamisa.

• Phakamisa kwaye uHover: Phakamisa kancinane inxalenye ye-200–300 mm ecacileyo yejigi yokuhlanganisa, kwaye uyibambe ixhonywe emoyeni kangangemizuzu emi-5 ukuya kweli-10.

•  Uhlolo oluBanzi: Hlola ngocoselelo: iimeko zomthwalo kwiindawo zokunyusela, ukugungxulwa kotshintsho, ukuphambuka kwelungu xa lilonke kunye nelasekuhlaleni, uzinzo lwe-crane, ukuhlaliswa phantsi kwee-outriggers, kunye naluphi na uphazamiseko okanye ukurhwebesha kwijigi.

•  Ukwehliswa Kwangoko Ngokungaqhelekanga: Ukuba kukho ingxolo engaqhelekanga, ukugqwetheka kwesakhiwo, okanye ukuzinza komhlaba okugqithisileyo kuqatshelwe, yehlisa inxalenye uyibuyisele kwijigi ngoko nangoko. Ukunyuswa okusesikweni kunokuqhubeka kuphela emva kokuba amanyathelo olungiso avunyiweyo.

7. UkuPhakanyiswa kweNdibano epheleleyo, uKumiswa, kunye nokuKhuselwa okwethutyana

•  UMqondiso oManyeneyo woMntu omnye: Imisebenzi kufuneka ilawulwe ngumlawuli omnye otyunjiweyo osebenzisa imiqondiso yesandla esemgangathweni kunye nemiyalelo yelizwi. Ukubonisa abantu abaninzi kunye nemisebenzi yesiphithiphithi akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo.

•  Iintshukumo zeCrane ezigudileyo: Ukuphakamisa, ukujula (ujunging), kunye ne-luffing (i-boom derricking) kufuneka ihlale igudile kwaye icotha yonke. Kuphephe ukuma ngequbuliso, ukujika ngokukhawuleza, okanye imithwalo eyothusayo. Abasebenzi abaphantsi komhlaba kufuneka basebenzise imigca yeethegi (iintambo ezikhokelayo) ukuzinzisa ukuqhelaniswa necandelo kunye nokuthintela ukungqubana nezakhiwo ezikhoyo.

•  Ukuma kunye neNkxaso yeThutyana yangoko: Wakuba uhleli kwizixhaso ezisisigxina, lungisa kakuhle ii-axes zegridi, umphakamo, kunye nokuvula ngokuthe nkqo. Ngoko nangoko faka ii-struts zenkxaso zexeshana kwaye uqinise iintambo zomfana.

•  Core Safety Line Red: Ungaze uyeke i-crane hook deisakhiwo sentsimbiyenza inkqubo yolwakhiwo oluzinzileyo, oluzixhasayo.

8. UQhagamshelwano olusisigxina kunye neMisebenzi yokuQeda

•  UkuBoltha okuPhezulu okuPhezulu: Beka phambili ukuqhotyoshwa kwebholithi yokuqina. Landela ngokungqongqo ulandelelwano lokuqinisa olunamanqanaba amabini: "UkuQiniswa kokuqala → UkuQiniswa kweTorque yokugqibela". Phawula ibholithi nganye ngokucacileyo emva kokuqiniswa kokugqibela ukuze kuthintelwe iibholithi eziphosiweyo, eziyekeleyo, okanye ezitokisiweyo kakhulu.

•  I-On-Site Splice Welding: Yenza kwi-site butt kunye ne-splice welds kumaleko e-multi-pass, kwaye wenze uvavanyo olungonakalisi (NDT) ngokukhawuleza xa lugqityiwe.

•  Umlinganiselo kwakhona woLwakhiwo lulonke: Phinda ulinganise yonke imilinganiselo xa iyonke, imiphakamo, kunye nokuphambuka kwamaxabiso. Emva kokuba iqinisekisiwe njengento ehambelanayo, qhaqha ngokukhuselekileyo izixhobo zokuphakamisa, izixhaso zexeshana, kunye ne-jig yendibano yomhlaba.

•  Ukulungiswa kweNgqungquthela & Ukunikezela: Bamba zonke ezonakalisiweyo zokunqanda umhlwa kunye neengubo ezingatshiyo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo ukuze ugqibezele ufakelo olugqityiweyo.

III. Izilumkiso eziBalulekileyo kwiSiza (Imigibe engundoqo ekufuneka uyiphetshwe)

1. Amanqaku oLawulo loMgangatho weNdibano

•  I-Solid Jig Foundation: Umhlaba ongaphantsi kwejig ye-assembly kufuneka uqine, uxinene, kwaye uphakanyiswe. Umsebenzi weNdibano unqatshelwe ngokungqongqo kumhlaba othambileyo okanye umhlaba onamanzi ngexesha lemozulu yemvula ukuthintela ukuhlaliswa okungalinganiyo.

•  Ulawulo olungqongqo lwangaphambili: Seta ngokuchanekileyo i-pre-camber (igophe eliphezulu ngenjongo) kumalungu abanzi ngokwemilinganiselo yoyilo. Phinda ujonge imilinganiselo phambi nasemva kwendibano ukunqanda ukuhla ezantsi emva kokumiswa.

•  Izithintelo zeMozulu eziMandundu zokuWelisa: Yeka ngokukhawuleza ukuwelda emoyeni xa kukho umoya ovuthuzayo, imvula, ikhephu, okanye amaqondo obushushu obuqhaqhazelisa amazinyo. Qinisekisa ukuba imiphezulu yentsimbi efumileyo yomiswe kakuhle kunye neetotshi zokufudumeza phambi kokuba uqalise ukuwelda.

•  Khusela i-High-Strength Bolt Friction Surfaces: Khusela ngokungqongqo imiphezulu yokukhuhlana kwebholithi. Ukugaya, ukungcoliswa kwe-oyile, okanye ukutshisa i-weld spatter akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-coefficient ye-slip ihlangabezana nemigangatho yobunjineli.

2. IiNdlela eziBomvu zokuPhakamisa okuSinyanzelo

•  Izithintelo zeMozulu: Ukuxhoma akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo ngexesha lomoya onamandla we-Force 6 nangaphezulu (isantya somoya ≥ 10.8 m/s), inkungu eshinyeneyo, imvula enkulu, okanye xa ukukhanya ebusuku kunganelanga.

•  Inkxaso ye-Crane Outrigger: Ii-Crane outriggers kufuneka zixhaswe ngokupheleleyo ziipleyiti zentsimbi ezishinyeneyo zokusasaza umthwalo phezu komhlaba oqinileyo, oqinisekisiweyo ukunqanda ukuba i-crane tipping okanye i-outrigger punch-through.

•  INdawo yoKhuseleko eRigid yoKhuseleko: Misela umqobo ongqongqo kunye nendawo ecacileyo yokuchasa ngaphakathi kweradiyasi esebenzayo yecrane. Abasebenzi abangagunyaziswanga bathintelwe ngokungqongqo ukuba bangene, badlule, okanye bahlale kuloo ndawo.

•  UHlolo lwaPhambi kweShift Rigging: Hlola zonke izixhobo zokuxhoma, iihardware, kunye neentambo zocingo phambi kweshifti nganye yomsebenzi. Tshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukuba imicu yocingo eyaphukileyo, ukuguga okugqithisileyo, okanye i-kinks/deformations ingaphezulu kwemida evumelekileyo.

3. Imingcipheko eqhelekileyo kunye neMiqathango yoKhuselo

•  Uguqulo Lwecandelo Olugqithisileyo: Seta kwangaphambili i-camber yoyilo, yongeza ii-struts zokuqinisa okwexeshana, landela ulandelelwano lwe-symmetrical welding, kwaye wenze uqwalaselo olupheleleyo lwemeko yokuphakamisa umthwalo.

•  UkuPhakamisa ukuNgxaki kweNgxaki yokukrazuka: Yenza uyilo olukhethekileyo lolwakhiwo lokuphakamisa iilugi, qinisekisa ukungena ngokupheleleyo nge-100% yohlolo lwe-NDT, kwaye uthintele ngokungqongqo iindawo zokunyusela zethutyana ezingavunywanga.

•  I-Crane Ground Settlement okanye iTipping: Qinisekisa kwaye uqinise umhlaba kwangaphambili, beka iipleyiti zentsimbi ezinzima phantsi kwee-outriggers, kwaye ubeke iliso ekumisweni komhlaba ngexesha lokuphakanyiswa kwetyala.

•  Ukungazinzi koLwakhiwo emva kokuBekwa: Faka ngokukhawuleza iintambo zombane kunye nezixhobo zenkxaso zethutyana, unyanzelisa umthetho-siseko: "Ungaze uyikhulule ihuku yecrane phambi kokuba isakhiwo sikhuselekile."

•  UkuBolitha okuPhakamileyo okuNgamandla: Khusela ngokungqongqo iindawo ezidityanisiweyo, sebenzisa iinkqubo zokuqinisa itorque ezisemgangathweni, kwaye uhlole kwaye uphawule umbala ngamnye kwibholithi nganye xa uyigqibile.

IV. Isishwankathelo

Ingcinga yolawulo engundoqo yeindibano yesakhiwo sentsimbi kwisizakunye ne-hoisting edibeneyo inokushwankathelwa njenge: indibano echanekileyo yomhlaba, ulawulo oluqinileyo lwe-jig, ukubala ngokunyuka okungqongqo, ukuphakamisa okugudileyo kunye nokuzinzileyo, kwaye ungaze ukhulule ikhonkco ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa.

Ngokulawula ngokungqongqo iintsika ezine ezibalulekileyo-umgangatho we-jig, i-welding deformation, ukuphakamisa iimeko zomthwalo, kunye nokuzinza kwesakhiwo sexeshana-izona ziphene eziqhelekileyo zokwakha kunye neengozi zokhuseleko zinokuthintelwa, ukubonelela ngesisombululo esikhuselekileyo, esinokwethenjelwa kunye nesisebenzayo sobunjineli bezakhiwo zensimbi ezinkulu.